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It occurs due to the short distance in which the diffracted. Then we describe the analytical method, based on Lommel's integrals, to evaluate the expectable rejection. In optics, Fresnel diffraction or near-field diffraction is a process of diffraction which occurs when a wave passes through an aperture and diffracts in the near field, causing any diffraction pattern observed to differ in size and shape, relative to the distance. We describe the bench optical configuration and the Fresnel's diffraction effect as well as a possible way for correction. Usual optical engineering softwares fail in assessing rejection performance and an analytical approach is needed. It is used to calculate the diffraction pattern created by waves passing through an aperture or around an object, when viewed from relatively close to the object. He introduce a quantity of the obliquity factor, but he did little more than. Using a confocal configuration for the focus-crossing approach, a Fresnel's diffraction effect degrades the rejection. The quadratic phase factor inside the Fresnel diffraction integral is not bandlimited, so it poses some challenges related to sampling. Diffraction Huygens-Fresnel Principle: Every unobstructed point of a wavefront acts as a source of spherical secondary wavelets. In optics, the Fresnel diffraction equation for near-field diffraction is an approximation of the KirchhoffFresnel diffraction that can be applied to the propagation of waves in the near field. Fresnel’s shortcomings : He did not mention the existence of backward secondary wavelets, however, there also would be a reverse wave traveling back toward the source. One APS concept is based on the focus-crossing property, providing an intrinsically achromatic phase shift by $\pi$. That is the point that lies on a line connecting.
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One approach relies on a Mach-Zehnder set-up with Achromatic Phase Shifters (APS). Fresnel diffraction is discussed in terms of a description of waves traveling near the stationary point. Nulling test-benches are in development in several laboratories so as to master such high a rejection. This set of Engineering Physics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on Fresnel Diffraction. In this paper, we describe a new computer simulation technique of generating Fresnel diffraction images from rectangular apertures of arbitrary dimensions. Nulling Interferometry applied to the search and characterization of earth-like exoplanets requires to eliminate the star's contribution at a rejection level (Rej = collected energy/residual energy)larger than $10^$ over a large bandwidth (6 to 18 $\mu$m).